IBDology is the front door to a family of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) resources from the Holubar Lab. It points you to the right site for your need — whether you are a clinician looking for evidence and quality data, or a patient looking for plain-language education.

Which sites are for patients and which are for providers?

Patient sites include Pouchy (J-pouch), Crohnz (Crohn's), and pCrohns (perianal Crohn's). Provider/clinician sites include Pouchology (pouch literature) and Crohnsology (Crohn's evidence). The consortia — iPouch, iCrohnz, and NSQIP IBD — serve clinicians and researchers.

I have a J-pouch (IPAA). Where should I start?

Patients and families should start at pouchy.org for friendly, plain-language education. Clinicians and researchers can search the pouch literature at pouchology.org.

I have Crohn's disease. Which site is for me?

For intestinal Crohn's, patients should visit crohnz.org; if you have perianal disease (fistulas, abscesses, setons), see pcrohns.org. Clinicians can use crohnsology.org for the evidence base.

What is IBD-PSC?

IBD-PSC is inflammatory bowel disease together with primary sclerosing cholangitis, a liver condition. The overlap changes surveillance, colorectal cancer risk, transplant considerations, and pouch decisions. Learn more at ibdpsc.org.

Who runs these sites?

They are produced by the Holubar Lab, led by Stefan D. Holubar, MD, MS, Professor of Surgery in the Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery at Cleveland Clinic. The sites are educational and do not replace advice from your own care team.

About

About IBDology

IBDology is the hub for a family of inflammatory bowel disease resources from the Holubar Lab, led by Stefan D. Holubar, MD, MS, Professor of Surgery, Department of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Each site translates the best available evidence into resources for either clinicians or patients — from the iPouch and NSQIP IBD quality consortia to plain-language guides for living with a J‑pouch or Crohn's disease.

Some content may be AI-assisted and reviewed by the lab. These sites are educational and are not a substitute for professional medical advice.

Resources

Support & community

Trusted, independent organizations and communities for people living with inflammatory bowel disease, an ostomy, or a J‑pouch — and for their families.

Foundations & nonprofits

Crohn's & Colitis Foundation

The leading U.S. IBD nonprofit — patient education, local chapters, in-person and virtual support groups, and the IBD Help Center (1‑888‑694‑8872).

United Ostomy Associations of America (UOAA)

Support, advocacy, and a nationwide support-group finder for anyone living with an ostomy or pouch.

Color of Crohn's & Chronic Illness

Support and advocacy for Black, Indigenous, and people of color living with IBD and chronic digestive disease.

Girls With Guts

Peer community building confidence and connection for women living with IBD and ostomies.

Online communities

IBDsucks.com

Patient-run online community and forum for candid, day-to-day IBD support.

J‑Pouch.org

Patient-run forums for people with, or considering, a J‑pouch (IPAA).

International

Crohn's & Colitis UK

UK charity — information, local networks, and a confidential helpline.

Crohn's & Colitis Canada

Canadian IBD charity funding research and supporting patients and families.

EFCCA

European Federation of Crohn's & Ulcerative Colitis Associations — the umbrella of national patient organizations across Europe.

External resources are independent of the Holubar Lab; listing does not imply endorsement. Always verify with your own care team.

Bibliometrics · all time

The 100 most-cited IBD papers of all time

The most-cited inflammatory bowel disease papers ever published, ranked by total citations. These are the landmark studies — epidemiology, genetics, the microbiome, and the trials that defined modern IBD care.

#	Paper	Citations
1	Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies Ng et al. · 2017 · The Lancet	5,933
2	Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease Hugot et al. · 2001 · Nature	5,586
3	A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease Ogura et al. · 2001 · Nature	5,016
4	Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease Jostins et al. · 2012 · Nature	4,859
5	Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With Time, Based on Systematic Review Molodecky et al. · 2011 · Gastroenterology	4,819
6	Nuclear Factor-κB — A Pivotal Transcription Factor in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Barnes et al. · 1997 · New England Journal of Medicine	4,689
7	Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases Frank et al. · 2007 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences	4,583
8	Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease Xavier et al. · 2007 · Nature	4,335
9	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients Sokol et al. · 2008 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences	4,326
10	Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial Hanauer et al. · 2002 · The Lancet	4,164
11	Infliximab for Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis Rutgeerts et al. · 2005 · New England Journal of Medicine	3,884
12	Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Venegas et al. · 2019 · Frontiers in Immunology	3,716
13	Ulcerative colitis Ungaro et al. · 2016 · The Lancet	3,443
14	Toward an Integrated Clinical, Molecular and Serological Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology Silverberg et al. · 2005 · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology	3,392
15	The Treatment-Naive Microbiome in New-Onset Crohn’s Disease Gevers et al. · 2014 · Cell Host & Microbe	3,298
16	Development of a Crohn's disease activity index. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study. Best et al. · 1976 · PubMed	3,177
17	Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases Lloyd‐Price et al. · 2019 · Nature	3,166
18	Inflammatory Bowel Disease Podolsky · 2002 · New England Journal of Medicine	3,162
19	A Short-Term Study of Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody cA2 to Tumor Necrosis Factor α for Crohn's Disease Targan et al. · 1997 · New England Journal of Medicine	3,160
20	The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications Satsangi et al. · 2006 · Gut	3,156
21	Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences Loftus · 2004 · Gastroenterology	3,118
22	Infliximab, Azathioprine, or Combination Therapy for Crohn's Disease Colombel et al. · 2010 · New England Journal of Medicine	3,108
23	Coated Oral 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Therapy for Mildly to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis Schroeder et al. · 1987 · New England Journal of Medicine	3,027
24	A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies IL23R as an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Gene Duerr et al. · 2006 · Science	2,995
25	A SIMPLE INDEX OF CROHN'S-DISEASE ACTIVITY Harvey et al. · 1980 · The Lancet	2,954
26	The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis Eaden et al. · 2001 · Gut	2,948
27	Vedolizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis Feagan et al. · 2013 · New England Journal of Medicine	2,853
28	Cortisone in Ulcerative Colitis Truelove et al. · 1955 · BMJ	2,786
29	The gut flora as a forgotten organ O’Hara et al. · 2006 · EMBO Reports	2,782
30	Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment Morgan et al. · 2012 · Genome biology	2,766
31	Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations Liu et al. · 2015 · Nature Genetics	2,750
32	Infliximab for the Treatment of Fistulas in Patients with Crohn's Disease Present et al. · 1999 · New England Journal of Medicine	2,747
33	Vedolizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease Sandborn et al. · 2013 · New England Journal of Medicine	2,687
34	STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD Turner et al. · 2021 · Gastroenterology	2,667
35	Inflammatory Bowel Disease Abraham et al. · 2009 · New England Journal of Medicine	2,646
36	Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease Neurath · 2014 · Nature reviews. Immunology	2,630
37	Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease Barrett et al. · 2008 · Nature Genetics	2,628
38	Crohn's disease Torres et al. · 2016 · The Lancet	2,620
39	Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health Singh et al. · 2017 · Journal of Translational Medicine	2,599
40	Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease Khor et al. · 2011 · Nature	2,584
41	Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci Franke et al. · 2010 · Nature Genetics	2,582
42	Oxidative Stress: An Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Diseases Bhattacharyya et al. · 2014 · Physiological Reviews	2,439
43	A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice Okayasu et al. · 1990 · Gastroenterology	2,413
44	A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease Mazmanian et al. · 2008 · Nature	2,338
45	British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults Lamb et al. · 2019 · Gut	2,320
46	The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group Preliminary Criteria for the Classification of Spondylarthropathy Dougados et al. · 1991 · Arthritis & Rheumatism	2,296
47	The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Alatab et al. · 2019 · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology	2,266
48	Adalimumab for Maintenance of Clinical Response and Remission in Patients With Crohn’s Disease: The CHARM Trial Colombel et al. · 2006 · Gastroenterology	2,250
49	Infliximab Maintenance Therapy for Fistulizing Crohn's Disease Sands et al. · 2004 · New England Journal of Medicine	2,221
50	Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Cosnes et al. · 2011 · Gastroenterology	2,182
51	Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology Baumgart et al. · 2007 · The Lancet	2,142
52	IL-6 and Stat3 Are Required for Survival of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Development of Colitis-Associated Cancer Grivennikov et al. · 2009 · Cancer Cell	2,117
53	Crohn's disease Baumgart et al. · 2012 · The Lancet	2,113
54	Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)‐Induced Colitis in Mice Chassaing et al. · 2014 · Current Protocols in Immunology	2,098
55	Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis Fiocchi · 1998 · Gastroenterology	2,078
56	Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis Scher et al. · 2013 · eLife	2,071
57	3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn’s Disease 2016: Part 1: Diagnosis and Medical Management Gomollón et al. · 2016 · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis	2,071
58	Ulcerative colitis Ordás et al. · 2012 · The Lancet	2,063
59	TNF‐mediated inflammatory disease Bradley · 2007 · The Journal of Pathology	2,045
60	Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Lennard‐Jones · 1989 · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology	2,043
61	Influence of Immunogenicity on the Long-Term Efficacy of Infliximab in Crohn's Disease Baert et al. · 2003 · New England Journal of Medicine	2,019
62	Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease Franzosa et al. · 2018 · Nature Microbiology	2,012
63	Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome Chassaing et al. · 2015 · Nature	1,988
64	Inflammation and Colon Cancer Terzić et al. · 2010 · Gastroenterology	1,987
65	Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease Lavelle et al. · 2020 · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology	1,964
66	Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental acute colitis Shichijo et al. · 1998 · The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology	1,951
67	Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies Baumgart et al. · 2007 · The Lancet	1,933
68	Microbial Influences in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Sartor · 2008 · Gastroenterology	1,910
69	The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Stojanov et al. · 2020 · Microorganisms	1,905
70	A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis Machiels et al. · 2013 · Gut	1,900
71	A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1 Hampe et al. · 2006 · Nature Genetics	1,887
72	Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders Magro et al. · 2017 · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis	1,884
73	Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: Standardized classification with provisional clinical applications Riddell et al. · 1983 · Human Pathology	1,874
74	Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in inflammatory bowel disease Maloy et al. · 2011 · Nature	1,848
75	Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target Peyrin‐Biroulet et al. · 2015 · The American Journal of Gastroenterology	1,838
76	Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease Rutgeerts et al. · 1990 · Gastroenterology	1,819
77	Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up Glimelius et al. · 2013 · Annals of Oncology	1,785
78	Ulcerative Colitis and Colorectal Cancer Ekbom et al. · 1990 · New England Journal of Medicine	1,784
79	The Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Status and the Future Ahead Kostic et al. · 2014 · Gastroenterology	1,780
80	The immunological and genetic basis of inflammatory bowel disease Bouma et al. · 2003 · Nature reviews. Immunology	1,778
81	Development and validation of a new, simplified endoscopic activity score for Crohn's disease: the SES-CD Daperno et al. · 2004 · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy	1,774
82	Inflammatory Bowel Disease Kaser et al. · 2010 · Annual Review of Immunology	1,763
83	Mechanisms of Disease: pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Sartor · 2006 · Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology &#38 Hepatology	1,755
84	Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis Rioux et al. · 2007 · Nature Genetics	1,751
85	Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene Sadlack et al. · 1993 · Cell	1,748
86	Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation? Ni et al. · 2017 · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology	1,745
87	Cyclosporine in Severe Ulcerative Colitis Refractory to Steroid Therapy Lichtiger et al. · 1994 · New England Journal of Medicine	1,736
88	Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis Sandborn et al. · 2017 · New England Journal of Medicine	1,727
89	Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD Ananthakrishnan · 2015 · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology	1,725
90	Hapten-Induced Model of Chronic Inflammation and Ulceration in the Rat Colon Morris et al. · 1989 · Gastroenterology	1,716
91	Human Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Monoclonal Antibody (Adalimumab) in Crohn’s Disease: the CLASSIC-I Trial Hanauer et al. · 2006 · Gastroenterology	1,716
92	Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut Rivière et al. · 2016 · Frontiers in Microbiology	1,702
93	Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease Fujino et al. · 2002 · Gut	1,701
94	Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease Carding et al. · 2015 · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease	1,700
95	Ulcerative colitis Kobayashi et al. · 2020 · Nature Reviews Disease Primers	1,570
96	ACG Clinical Guideline: Ulcerative Colitis in Adults Rubin et al. · 2019 · The American Journal of Gastroenterology	1,569
97	Chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation Wirtz et al. · 2007 · Nature Protocols	1,550
98	Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis Part 2: Current management Dignaß et al. · 2012 · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis	1,550
99	High prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with ileal mucosa in Crohn’s disease Darfeuille–Michaud et al. · 2004 · Gastroenterology	1,549
100	Genome-wide association study implicates immune activation of multiple integrin genes in inflammatory bowel disease Lange et al. · 2017 · Nature Genetics	1,544

Method: Pool ranked by OpenAlex cited_by_count (all citing sources). Candidate pool: Top 700 most-cited works under the OpenAlex IBD, ulcerative-colitis, and Crohn's-disease concepts (relevance score >= 0.3), with a PubMed ID and year. Citation counts: OpenAlex (all citing sources). Generated: 2026-06-29. Counts are dynamic and rise over time.

Bibliometrics · all time

The 100 most-disruptive IBD papers of all time

Disruptiveness is not the same as popularity. The CD₅ disruption index (Funk & Owen-Smith 2017; Wu, Wang & Evans 2019) measures whether a paper eclipsed the work before it — later papers cite it instead of its predecessors (+1, disruptive) versus alongside them (−1, consolidating). These IBD papers reshaped their field the most.

#	Paper	CD₅
1	Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Lennard‐Jones · 1989 · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology	+0.528 2,043 cites
2	ESPGHAN Revised Porto Criteria for the Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children and Adolescents Levine et al. · 2013 · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition	+0.432 1,377 cites
3	STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD Turner et al. · 2021 · Gastroenterology	+0.045 2,667 cites
4	Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies Ng et al. · 2017 · The Lancet	+0.042 5,933 cites
5	A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice Okayasu et al. · 1990 · Gastroenterology	+0.041 2,413 cites
6	Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum Rutgeerts et al. · 1991 · The Lancet	+0.037 760 cites
7	Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Concepts, Treatment, and Implications for Disease Management Rogler et al. · 2021 · Gastroenterology	+0.032 827 cites
8	The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications Satsangi et al. · 2006 · Gut	+0.031 3,156 cites
9	Anti–Interleukin-12 Antibody for Active Crohn's Disease Mannon et al. · 2004 · New England Journal of Medicine	+0.029 854 cites
10	A reproducible grading scale for histological assessment of inflammation in ulcerative colitis Geboes · 2000 · Gut	+0.022 938 cites
11	Ruminococcus gnavus , a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn’s disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide Henke et al. · 2019 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences	+0.020 822 cites
12	THE COLONIC EPITHELIUM IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS: AN ENERGY-DEFICIENCY DISEASE? Roediger · 1980 · The Lancet	+0.018 724 cites
13	Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Management Shah et al. · 2021 · Gastroenterology	+0.015 798 cites
14	The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group Preliminary Criteria for the Classification of Spondylarthropathy Dougados et al. · 1991 · Arthritis & Rheumatism	+0.014 2,296 cites
15	The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Alatab et al. · 2019 · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology	+0.014 2,266 cites
16	Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With Time, Based on Systematic Review Molodecky et al. · 2011 · Gastroenterology	+0.009 4,819 cites
17	Chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation Wirtz et al. · 2007 · Nature Protocols	+0.008 1,550 cites
18	Epithelial NEMO links innate immunity to chronic intestinal inflammation Nenci et al. · 2007 · Nature	+0.007 1,065 cites
19	Oxidative Stress: An Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Diseases Bhattacharyya et al. · 2014 · Physiological Reviews	+0.007 2,439 cites
20	New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD Larabi et al. · 2019 · Autophagy	+0.006 830 cites
21	Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease Hugot et al. · 2001 · Nature	+0.005 5,586 cites
22	TNF‐mediated inflammatory disease Bradley · 2007 · The Journal of Pathology	+0.005 2,045 cites
23	Serious Infection and Mortality in Patients With Crohn's Disease: More Than 5 Years of Follow-Up in the TREAT™ Registry Lichtenstein et al. · 2012 · The American Journal of Gastroenterology	+0.005 796 cites
24	The Influence of Probiotics on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Treatment of Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel disease Stojanov et al. · 2020 · Microorganisms	+0.004 1,905 cites
25	Cyclosporine in Severe Ulcerative Colitis Refractory to Steroid Therapy Lichtiger et al. · 1994 · New England Journal of Medicine	+0.003 1,736 cites
26	Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)‐Induced Colitis in Mice Chassaing et al. · 2014 · Current Protocols in Immunology	+0.002 2,098 cites
27	Inflammatory bowel disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic opportunities Hanauer · 2005 · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	+0.002 963 cites
28	Human Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease König et al. · 2016 · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology	+0.001 769 cites
29	Use of the noninvasive components of the mayo score to assess clinical response in Ulcerative Colitis Lewis et al. · 2008 · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	+0.001 952 cites
30	Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease Khor et al. · 2011 · Nature	+0.001 2,584 cites
31	Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human β2m: An animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorders Hammer et al. · 1990 · Cell	+0.001 1,008 cites
32	Ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the intestine drives T H 1 cell induction and inflammation Atarashi et al. · 2017 · Science	+0.001 947 cites
33	A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease Ogura et al. · 2001 · Nature	+0.001 5,016 cites
34	NF‐κB in inflammatory bowel disease Atreya et al. · 2008 · Journal of Internal Medicine	+0.001 810 cites
35	A novel Ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients Hall et al. · 2017 · Genome Medicine	+0.000 784 cites
36	Structural Remodeling of the Human Colonic Mesenchyme in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Kinchen et al. · 2018 · Cell	+0.000 738 cites
37	Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: Standardized classification with provisional clinical applications Riddell et al. · 1983 · Human Pathology	+0.000 1,874 cites
38	Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions? Akdiş · 2021 · Nature reviews. Immunology	+0.000 933 cites
39	Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathogenesis Zhang · 2014 · World Journal of Gastroenterology	-0.000 1,475 cites
40	Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease Fujino et al. · 2002 · Gut	-0.001 1,701 cites
41	Colonic epithelial cell diversity in health and inflammatory bowel disease Parikh et al. · 2019 · Nature	-0.001 879 cites
42	Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota Cox et al. · 2014 · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology	-0.001 863 cites
43	The Human Gut Microbiome – A Potential Controller of Wellness and Disease Kho et al. · 2018 · Frontiers in Microbiology	-0.001 1,095 cites
44	Activation of nuclear factor κB in inflammatory bowel disease Schreiber et al. · 1998 · Gut	-0.001 747 cites
45	Chemically induced mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation Wirtz et al. · 2017 · Nature Protocols	-0.001 1,543 cites
46	Development and validation of a pediatric Crohn's disease activity index. Js et al. · 1991 · PubMed	-0.001 945 cites
47	Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die Brenner et al. · 2015 · Nature reviews. Immunology	-0.001 1,000 cites
48	Innate and adaptive immunity in inflammatory bowel disease Geremia et al. · 2013 · Autoimmunity Reviews	-0.001 985 cites
49	Mechanisms of Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Ramos et al. · 2019 · Mayo Clinic Proceedings	-0.002 1,000 cites
50	Indoleacrylic Acid Produced by Commensal Peptostreptococcus Species Suppresses Inflammation Wlodarska et al. · 2017 · Cell Host & Microbe	-0.002 863 cites
51	Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut Zeng et al. · 2016 · Mucosal Immunology	-0.002 882 cites
52	Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses Piovani et al. · 2019 · Gastroenterology	-0.002 789 cites
53	The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease Vancamelbeke et al. · 2017 · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology	-0.002 1,229 cites
54	Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Strober et al. · 2011 · Gastroenterology	-0.002 1,098 cites
55	A Comprehensive Review and Update on the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Guan · 2019 · Journal of Immunology Research	-0.002 1,060 cites
56	The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease Matsuoka et al. · 2014 · Seminars in Immunopathology	-0.002 804 cites
57	Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease Halfvarson et al. · 2017 · Nature Microbiology	-0.002 1,240 cites
58	Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease Franzosa et al. · 2018 · Nature Microbiology	-0.002 2,012 cites
59	Intestinal Permeability Regulation by Tight Junction: Implication on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Lee · 2015 · Intestinal Research	-0.002 776 cites
60	Host–microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease Jostins et al. · 2012 · Nature	-0.003 4,859 cites
61	Immunopathogenesis of IBD: current state of the art Souza et al. · 2015 · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology	-0.003 1,521 cites
62	Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease Carding et al. · 2015 · Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease	-0.003 1,700 cites
63	Mucolytic Bacteria With Increased Prevalence in IBD Mucosa Augment In Vitro Utilization of Mucin by Other Bacteria Png et al. · 2010 · The American Journal of Gastroenterology	-0.003 1,406 cites
64	Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology Baumgart et al. · 2007 · The Lancet	-0.003 2,142 cites
65	Crohn's disease Baumgart et al. · 2012 · The Lancet	-0.003 2,113 cites
66	THE EXTRA-INTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS OF CROHNʼS DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS: A STUDY OF 700 PATIENTS Greenstein et al. · 1976 · Medicine	-0.003 1,151 cites
67	The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease Kaplan et al. · 2020 · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology	-0.003 1,259 cites
68	Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease Nishida et al. · 2017 · Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology	-0.003 1,373 cites
69	Natalizumab for Active Crohn's Disease Ghosh et al. · 2003 · New England Journal of Medicine	-0.003 815 cites
70	Phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells induce or protect from chronic intestinal inflammation in C. B-17 scid mice Powrie et al. · 1993 · International Immunology	-0.003 1,072 cites
71	Understanding and Preventing the Global Increase of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Kaplan et al. · 2016 · Gastroenterology	-0.003 1,212 cites
72	The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer Wang et al. · 2009 · Oncogene	-0.003 877 cites
73	Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases Lloyd‐Price et al. · 2019 · Nature	-0.003 3,166 cites
74	Risk of Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Has Decreased Over Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies Frolkis et al. · 2013 · Gastroenterology	-0.004 879 cites
75	Spatial Organization and Composition of the Mucosal Flora in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Swidsinski et al. · 2005 · Journal of Clinical Microbiology	-0.004 882 cites
76	Host–microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease Caruso et al. · 2020 · Nature reviews. Immunology	-0.004 805 cites
77	Inflammatory Bowel Disease Abraham et al. · 2009 · New England Journal of Medicine	-0.004 2,646 cites
78	Interplay of host genetics and gut microbiota underlying the onset and clinical presentation of inflammatory bowel disease Imhann et al. · 2016 · Gut	-0.004 799 cites
79	Inflammation and Colon Cancer Terzić et al. · 2010 · Gastroenterology	-0.004 1,987 cites
80	CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands Lamas et al. · 2016 · Nature Medicine	-0.004 1,436 cites
81	Intra- and Inter-cellular Rewiring of the Human Colon during Ulcerative Colitis Smillie et al. · 2019 · Cell	-0.004 1,458 cites
82	Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene Sadlack et al. · 1993 · Cell	-0.004 1,748 cites
83	Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome Chassaing et al. · 2015 · Nature	-0.004 1,988 cites
84	Microbial genes and pathways in inflammatory bowel disease Schirmer et al. · 2019 · Nature Reviews Microbiology	-0.005 995 cites
85	Interactions Between Commensal Fungi and the C-Type Lectin Receptor Dectin-1 Influence Colitis Iliev et al. · 2012 · Science	-0.005 1,070 cites
86	Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Cx601) for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind controlled trial Panés et al. · 2016 · The Lancet	-0.005 1,065 cites
87	Edible ginger-derived nanoparticles: A novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer Zhang et al. · 2016 · Biomaterials	-0.005 969 cites
88	A microbial signature for Crohn's disease Pascal et al. · 2017 · Gut	-0.005 832 cites
89	Regional variation limits applications of healthy gut microbiome reference ranges and disease models He et al. · 2018 · Nature Medicine	-0.005 982 cites
90	Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine Kandiel et al. · 2005 · Gut	-0.005 802 cites
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92	Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids, GPCR, and inflammatory bowel diseases Sun et al. · 2016 · Journal of Gastroenterology	-0.006 1,066 cites
93	The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease Glassner et al. · 2020 · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology	-0.006 846 cites
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95	Intestinal barrier function in health and gastrointestinal disease Camilleri et al. · 2012 · Neurogastroenterology & Motility	-0.006 889 cites
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Method: CD_5 (5-year forward window) over the PubMed-indexed pool via the NIH iCite citation graph (Funk & Owen-Smith 2017; Wu, Wang & Evans 2019). Eligible: published <= 2021 (full window), >= 3 references, >= 100 citations. Formula: CD₅ = (n_i − n_j) / (n_i + n_j + n_k), in [−1, +1]. Citation graph: NIH iCite. Generated: 2026-06-29.